Frequent and uncontrolled pooping are the most obvious signs of fecal incontinence in dogs. 50+ bought in past month. 74 with Subscribe & Save discount. Irritation can quickly become an infection. A brain disease affecting the dog’s ability to control bladder functions. 99/Count) Typical: $17. A dog may or may not poop in a diaper, depending on a variety of factors. 839 out of 5 stars. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bowel leakage affects over 17% of adults aged 65 and older who reside in the community, with even higher percentages for older adults who live in nursing homes or are receiving hospice services. FREE shipping and the BEST customer service! Skip to search Skip to. Doggie diapers. $2200 ($0. Our diapers are made with the highest quality materials and thoughtfully designed to help you care for your furbaby in every stage of pet-parenthood. Bowel incontinence in dogs, aka canine fecal incontinence, is the inability of a dog to control his bowel movement. Though senior dogs of both sexes can suffer from incontinence, the issue is far more common in female dogs. This health problem is a headache for dog parents, to say the least. 143 reviews. Bowel incontinence in cats is a little different – it refers to the loss of the ability to control bowel movements. Showering or soaking in a bath also may help. Then, add 6 inches to this number. 4. Dog diapers, like Pet Parents® Washable Dog Diapers, have sewn-in pads that can keep in both fecal and urinary diaper messes. Gold Souls, Gray Faces is a series that provides tips and advice to help you take care of your sweet senior dog. Choose a diaper that is waterproof, super absorbent and has no "crinkly" or uncomfortable texture. Young dog incontinence may be due to an anatomical defect in the way the ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Buy Simple Solution Disposable Female Dog Diapers, XX-Large: 22 to 37-in waist, 30 count at Chewy. Table of Contents. 839 out of 5 stars. The customized fit, the high levels of absorbency. Buy HomeoPet Leaks No More Homeopathic Medicine for Incontinence for Birds, Cats, Dogs & Small Pets, 450 drops at Chewy. but reluctantly. Fecal incontinence is a loss of bowel control. Prior surgeries and procedures can also play a role. These can help catch any accidents and keep your dog (and your house) clean. com: Dog Incontinence Diapers 1-48 of 885 results for "dog incontinence diapers" Results Simple Solution True Fit Disposable Dog Diapers for Female Dogs -. According to the experts at VCA Hospitals, bowel incontinence can present in a number of different ways. Price: $$. Urinary Tract Infections. There are many potential causes, ranging from injury to viruses. If you are concerned that your dog is. 8kg, Waist 32-44cm. Here are a few key things I’ve learned along the way about managing dog incontinence: Talk to Your Veterinarian – As I mentioned, a senior dog urinating in the house usually isn’t a sign of a serious problem and it can be a natural part of aging. A Loss of Control. Luckily, it is not common. There is urine scalding on their belly or hind legs. Bowel incontinence is the fancy medical term for lack of bowel control. 81. -Lee in Florida (10/15/2008) By Lee Taylor. Our one-year old short hair tabby has developed fecal incontinence. It can be because of: Intestinal worms and parasites. e. If you know that your dog has fecal incontinence, it is recommended that you use disposable doggie diapers (the one made with paper) and use washable dog diapers as a cover-up. $19. The daily interruptions caused by incontinence can often feel overwhelming. Plus-sized diapers with tabs are absorbent with a thick core and two side-tabs that fasten across the hips and over the belly. TENA ProSkin Stretch Ultra Incontinence Brief. Diapers for dogs are unisex and designed specifically for female dogs, even if your pooper is a male. Then we put the diaper on beans (with a tail-cut out). These may include:. Medically referred to as fecal incontinence, losing the ability to control its bowel movements is distressing for both the dog and the owner. Enhydra67. Damaged anal sphincter. /r/dogs is a place for dog owners of all levels of knowledge, skill, and experience to discuss all topics related to dogs. Infection in the anal sac. This article aims to explore the effectiveness of dog diapers in addressing fecal incontinence and provide a comprehensive guide for selecting the appropriate dog diaper for managing poop/diarrhea accidents. Aging. However, the majority of the time, the causes of incontinence in dogs and older dogs are not severe and life-threatening. You must be logged in to post a. For instance, age, dogs can exhibit age-related incontinence at the onset of middle age. 23 to a high of $78. Pet Parents Washable Dog Diapers –. There is also fecal incontinence in dogs, but it's much more rare. 99. (10/15/2008) By kerry. Loperamide should not be used in debilitated patients. Your dog is licking their genital area a lot. $8. Some dogs are up and walking and doing great in a week. ". Shopping List. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bowel leakage affects over 17% of adults aged 65 and older who reside in the community, with even higher percentages for older adults who live in nursing. The special pads are way too narrow for diarrhea. Pee pads are absorbent papers, somewhat similar to disposable table cloths. Adjustable straps help secure this diaper, although they might not be best for super active or wiggly pups. It turned out to be very difficult to find a diaper for fecal incontinence. All other options I tried had huge tail holes which led to the little poops popping out the back of the diapers. In order to better understand what is happening exactly, one must first understand what happens exactly when a dog is capable of "holding it. If you or someone you care for wants help. Diapers should not be used to potty train your dog. Fecal incontinence, also known as bowel incontinence, is the inability of your dog to control their bowel activities. If you’re looking for a reliable solution for your male dog’s incontinence, Amazon Basics Male Dog Wrap is a great choice. What causes urinary incontinence in dogs? March. $19. I need something in the way of a human incontinence pad or garment that I can cut and fit inside the diaper. PEEJAMA Multi-Functional Recovery Suit for Your Pet. body weight). 118. In terms of style, there are two three-packs to choose from. Signs of urinary incontinence in dogs. Easy-to-use male dog diapers & female dog diapers. It also depends on the age sometimes too from what I have seen. 536 reviews. 5 Best Male Dog Diapers. There are two main reasons why dogs poop in their sleep. Her nickname all her life was "Izzy The Perfect Dog". A best bowel incontinence diapers is highly compact in order to have a high usage capacity. Incontinence can be treated with medication prescribed by a vet, and changes to a dog's diet may be necessary. This exercise can help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles that support your bowel, helping to keep stool from leaking out. The Vet's Best Perfect-Fit Washable Diaper is an affordable solution for female dogs who are in heat or suffer from urinary incontinence. Faecal pads are designed specifically for bowel leakage and are shaped to fit between and around the buttocks. to 2 gallons of water) works really well to ‘lift’ the urine out of the carpet. Contact your local branch. A dog who is leaking poop while asleep is suffering from a disorder that is medically known as " fecal incontinence. Fecal incontinence, like urinary. All dogs naturally lose muscle tone as they get older. com. *FREE* shipping on orders $49+ and the BEST customer service!There is also fecal incontinence in dogs, but it's much more rare. Types of Incontinence in Dogs. Some dogs will tolerate diapers and some won’t. The Washable Wonders eco-friendly dog diaper for male dogs are washable & absorbent to help older dogs suffering from dog incontinence as well as bowel problems. 99; Holiday Green and Red Escape-Proof Waterproof Premium Dog Diaper Overall From: $ 99. The bladder and gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by lesions of the autonomic system can be difficult to recognize, interpret and are easily overlooked. Given this info, anyone with a female dog will need full coverage diapers. If your dog has sphincter incontinence, you will notice pieces of poop that are solid. So if your dog is incontinent, it means that they are not even aware of the fact that they are urinating. Senior incontinence issues, uncontrollable bladder. Fecal incontinence in dogs. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore everything you need to know about finding the best dog diaper for bowel incontinence. MANY WAYS TO USE: Ideal for dogs who suffer from incontinence, puppy training, for females in heat, surgery recovery, excitable urination, and for travel. Wild Yam extract has estrogenic and anti-spasmodic effects, but may require fairly high doses (100 mg per 25 lbs. . There’s a reason these diapers are one of the most-loved products on our site. To offer your pooch a little extra comfort against fecal incontinence, and to help with the mess, you can place disposable padding onto the diaper's lining. Dog diapers, like Pet Parents ® Washable Dog Diapers, have sewn-in pads that can keep in both fecal and urinary diaper messes. If your dog is experiencing fecal incontinence due to old age or a medical condition, remember that it’s not intentional. Call our Dewsbury Hospital on 01924 465 592 or contact your local Calder Vets branch. One of the major factors contributing to fecal incontinence is when a dog becomes paralyzed. Though most healthy dogs find it awkward to pass stools while wearing diapers, diapers are still able to contain poop if your dog does indeed poop. It’s easier to throw blankets or towels in the wash than a dog bed, and they dry quicker too. 95 USD. Does fecal incontinence have dog diapers? We have washable dog diapers for bowel incontinence. TENA ProSkin Stretch Ultra Incontinence Brief. Incontinence is a problem, certainly, but in some cases your cat will still be able to move and play like normal, so help him live his life the best he can. Sometimes dogs suffer from fecal incontinence. Diapers help to offer for extra insurance, protecting against unwanted accidents. In some cases, dogs with bowel incontinence may drop. Largest Waist Size: 31 inches. A dog diapers and wraps are used for absorbing accidents from male dogs with urinary incontinence. Amazon Basics Male Dog Wrap, Disposable Diapers. And diapers come in a wide range of absorbency levels. There can be a number of possible reasons why your dog is suffering from fecal incontinence. Pets suffering from age-related incontinence may need special accommodations. Your dog dribbles urine. One of the most common problems with older dogs is incontinence. The next day, do it exactly again, and the next and so on. Get 20% off and free gift of your first order by using code WELCOME20Teen diapers, for instance, would probably be a special order through a pharmacy, but they CAN be had!! Top. Reusable-Grecle Washable Female Dog Diapers - Premium Reusable Diapers for Doggie in Heat - Highly Absorbent Dog Diapers Female for Pet Incontinence with Adjustable Snaps (Not sponsored, haha!) I generally buy the medium size for a female pug with a 14" waist and they usually fit or can be modified to fit. "This happens in aging female dogs due to. Overview. Nerve damage, spinal cord disease, or neural disorder that disables the sphincter's ability to function. This can happen if urine is. Soft chews are gentle on your furry friend’s teeth. If you are dealing with a dog with urinary incontinence, washable diapers are a great, affordable, and environmentally friendly option. They are not a “bad boy” because they don’t have enough sensation in their rear end to know when they have to go. Adult diapers are a wonderful option to help you manage your troubles that you could be dealing with if you have fecal incontinence. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood work,. If you are dealing with fecal incontinence in your dog, washable diapers might not be the best choice. Use Senior Dog Diapers – This is an extremely convenient technique to keep your house clean and dog comfortable. This will help keep your dog’s stool soft and easy to pass. Signs of Incontinent Dogs. Dog Shop all The puppy. Even if your dog is a male, you should choose disposable diapers that are. Pee pads are most commonly used to give pre-house-broken puppies an acceptable place to go to the bathroom, but they can also be helpful for older dogs who are suffering from incontinence issues. But female and male dogs of any age can be affected. So what is bowel incontinence, how is. Urinary Problems in Dogs The most common causes of fecal incontinence include constipation, diarrhea and conditions that damage the muscles or nerves that help you poop. Bowel incontinence in dogs is a serious and uncomfortable condition. Options from $16. 1 Overall Best Female Dog Diapers. Useful for many uses, including untrained puppies, female dogs in heat, and dogs that suffer from excitement urination or both urinary and fecal incontinence. /r/dogs is a place for dog owners of all levels of knowledge, skill, and experience to discuss all topics related to dogs. Neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injuries or degenerative myelopathy, can disrupt the nerve signals that control bowel movements. 3. Signs of Bowel Control Loss in Dogs. Weak urethral sphincter. Bowel incontinence can be caused by diseases of the colon and rectum, traumatic injuries to the anus, or problems with the nervous system. Causes of Bowel Incontinence in Dogs. I’ve never taken care of a sick dog before, or a dog. 5. The best way to stop it, and its ability to be stopped, is extremely dependent on the reason for doing so. But if you are looking for good-quality diapers, here are some of the best brands you can choose from. Express the Bladder Before Diapering. Top Paw Disposable Dog Diapers can help prevent messes while keeping your pup comfortable. Keep plenty of absorbent paper towels or old bath/hand towels in strategic places around your house for instant mop up. Painkillers or anti-inflammatory drugs. Urine infections. Especially designed to help reduce incontinence in older canines. Thus, fecal incontinence. Add to Cart. If your dog cannot control their bladder to potty outside when needed, you may have to express their bladder for them. These doggie diapers are made with a thin, soft, and comfortable material that’s impressively absorbent. Best Senior Dog Diapers for Poop Reviews- Top Picks. A very important part of managing bowel incontinence in dogs is keeping their perineal area. Fecal incontinence is defined as involuntary defecation or lack of bowel control. Top Paw Disposable Dog Diapers can help prevent messes while keeping your pup comfortable. Senior incontinence issues, uncontrollable bladder. Buy Pet Parents Washable Male & Female Dog Diapers + Extendrs, Southern Belle, X-Small: 4 to 10-in waist, 3 count at Chewy. This food contains one of the best protein sources for dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Are there diapers for dogs with fecal incontinence? […]1. Many dogs that experience urinary incontinence due to a physical disorder are unaware that they are leaking. The muscle or nerve damage may be associated with aging or. 95 USD. Escape-proof overalls are designed for both male and female dogs and cats. 2. Contain any mess with these puppy diapers!Cons: bulkier fit, higher cost than some daytime products. com. There are two broad causes of fecal incontinence: reservoir incontinence and sphincter incontinence. He spends a lot of time in there. Spinal cord injury in companion dogs can lead to urinary and fecal incontinence or retention, depending on the severity, and localization of the lesion along the canine nervous system. Treatment of Underlying Medical. The benefits: Baby diapers and onesies are less expensive than incontinence products for dogs. Largest Waist Size: 31 inches. These diapers answer that problem by having a drawstring closure around the tail hole. Excellent product. With the right treatment, dogs with hormonal urethral incompetence can live. 3 Runner Up for Best Male Dog Wrap. ) Loperamide is actually a member of the opiate class of drugs. Here are some of the best diapers for bowel incontinence available in the market. Reusable, efficient, and comfortable, these dog diapers are our favorite pick. I understand why you want to use a diaper for fecal incontinence. Prevent accidents from becoming messes with washable dog diapers. This is similar to human diapers but socially designed for your four-foot canines. Incontinence. It’s not unusual to use a Pug litter box if you have an older dog. com. Dino Potty: Rhyming Instructions for Potty Training Success. If diarrhea, she may not have enough warning that she needs to go. As a result, the dog has “accidents” and poops in inappropriate places. Your dog's waist measurement. Possible Causes of Fecal Incontience. However, if you are dealing. Urinary incontinence in dogs can also be caused by some toxins, as well as diseases and injuries like: Spinal disease or damage. What, you thought diapers were only for babies!! Doggie diapers are available in washable and disposable versions, styles for males and females, and even urinary or fecal incontinence. Some of the more common incontinence dog products include: Belly bands or wraps for male dogs. Prevention. r/Dogs has the ultimate goals of fostering a better, science-based understanding of dogs among the general public, promoting responsible dog ownership, helping users build better, healthier relationships with their dogs, and providing a space to connect and discuss with others who have dogs and who are involved in various aspects of the dog hobby. If you know that your dog has fecal incontinence, it is recommended that you use disposable doggie diapers (the one made with paper) and use washable dog diapers as a cover-up. Get the incontinence tools you need, diapers are just the start! Keep your dog. conditions that can affect the nerves in your bottom. 3 WASHABLE DOG DIAPERS IN 3 COLORS PER PACKAGE - One each of black, grey, and rust. Bowel incontinence is a. Dog diapers are designed to deal with urinary incontinence, which is the most common problem among dogs. Fecal incontinence (accidentally having bowel movements) is a very common problem in children. For the last six months, she has lost control of her bowels, in part because her hind legs. MANY WAYS TO USE: Ideal for dogs who suffer from incontinence, puppy training, for females in heat, surgery recovery, excitable urination, and for travel. One of the major reasons for a female dog urinating while lying down is her hormones. 99 - $50. 4. 4. They come in in a range of sizes to fit all dog. What Is Bowel Incontinence in Dogs? Bowel incontinence in dogs is when a dog loses control of their bowels, resulting in the inability to retain fecal matter. Your dog might experience one or both types of incontinence—urinary and fecal. If your senior dog has issues with incontinence, it is advisable that you consult with your vet first to determine the underlying condition. 1. Your vet will go over your dog’s health history and will perform certain tests like physical examinations, complete blood count, complete blood profile, and urinalysis & fecal analysis to be able to make the proper diagnosis and treatment plans. You take your pup out for walks, and she uses the potty pretty well outdoors. The super absorbent core of these diapers are specifically designed to lock. 00/Count) Save more with Subscribe & Save. Diapers, Belly. Tranquility All-Through-The-Night Disposable Briefs with Tabs. Use diapers or belly bands. Rating: 2 Reviews. Can these diapers be used for fecal. Incontinence is most frequently observed in spayed females between the ages of three and five. Both are affected after a severe spinal cord injury, as damaged nerves can't control full bladders. severe piles (haemorrhoids) childbirth or surgery damaging the muscles or nerves you use to control your bowels. Price: $15. 100+ bought in past month. 99 Chewy Price. 4. Here are a few: Old age. Regaining bladder and bowel control may take as long. 118. 3. Fecal incontinence is actually easier to live with than urine incontinence. 5. TENA Stretch Ultra Briefs – Heavy. Walkin’ Pets offers an array of senior pet supplies such as support equipment and disposable pet diapers to help control an uncontrollable bladder or bowel. 1 Best Male Dog Belly Band. Pet Parents ® Dog Diapers are made with our soft non-abrasive WickQuick ® proprietary fabric that absorbs any moisture or wetness fast, preventing diaper rash and urine burns. You might try using doggie diapers or belly bands for dogs with severe or frequent incontinence. Damaged or weakened anal reflex muscle. " Puppies are all born incontinent. Note that pull-ups. Dog diapers will catch urine and fecal accidents, but will also cause skin scalding if dirty diapers are left in place for longer than 10-15 minutes. It’s not intentional. Put a dog diaper on her and keep her private areas shaved for easy clean up. There is no cure for IBD, but there are. Made from a synergistic blend of natural, GMO-free botanicals. com. What Is Incontinence in a Dog? Incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine. Dog diapers are a great solution in preventing messy accidents due to canine incontinence. Some dogs may be more likely to poop in a diaper if they are already comfortable with wearing one, while others may find the sensation of wearing a diaper to be unpleasant and may therefore avoid doing so. These ectopic ureters may be combined with vulvar deformities. There are a number of causes of feline incontinence:About this item. The Pet Magasin Reusable Washable Dog Diapers are a great choice for pet owners looking for a practical and eco-friendly way to manage their pet’s needs. But cancer, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, neurological problems (like diseases affecting dogs’ spinal cords and nerves) and trauma can also cause incontinence. Use dog diapers and dog belly bands, which can help keep your house dry and clean . It sports a wetness indicator, and larger sizes have a microfiber pad. Multiple vet visits. This highly recommended product offers a total of. Dog diapers & belly bands. You do not want to scoop poop around the house or find it in the most inappropriate places. Weak bladder sphincter. He is having a hard time holding his bowels. Diapers for dogs are unisex and designed specifically for female dogs, even if your pooper is a male. Dog diapers and wraps are beneficial for preventing accidents and stains when a dog is marking inside, in heat, experiencing. 49. I chalked it up to the frequent diarrhea I had been having since my gastric bypass in 2002. 33/Count) FREE delivery Sat, Aug 26 Or fastest delivery Fri, Aug 25 See full list on petworshiper. Nerves heal very slowly. Thus, fecal incontinence. I was pointing out to the person who basically said “why not just urinate in the diaper too. **Moisture content**: Wet dog food contains around 75% moisture, compared to only 10% in dry kibble. Dog incontinence is manageable and our washable dog diapers, belly bands and pads provide you with a great way to help. Throw Out Diapers. Here is a list of the best adult diapers that can help you manage fecal incontinence. They provide a barrier that helps contain any mess and prevent discomfort for both the dog and the owner. 5. 11 Reasons for Your Cat’s Incontinence. Price: $26. AnxietySome of the most common causes of bowel incontinence in dogs are listed below. Useful for many uses, including untrained puppies, female dogs in heat, and dogs that suffer from excitement urination or both urinary and fecal incontinence. Sold comparable range in price from a low of $1. A chronic lesion in the dog’s anal area, also known as an anal fistula. Cons of Dog Diapers For Older Dogs Diapers must be consistently checked and changed. He has begun pooping in the bedroom occasionally. For example, a dog could develop a mild form of fecal incontinence following an anal sacculectomy, which may be noted by the inability to control gas or the passing of fecal matter. Having a sense of urgency or unable to "hold urine". If your bowel incontinence is more frequent, plan to use the restroom before leaving your house. Goldenz2 Posts: 70 Joined: Sat Mar 15, 2008 12:59 pm. Find trusted brands such as Depend, TENA, Always & Poise pads at everyday low prices. Anal gland disease. It's not sufficent to require euthanasia. As a result, the dog has “accidents” and poops in inappropriate places. I recommend feeding a frozen, prepared raw diet that includes RAW, GROUND BONE. Shop Chewy for low prices on dog diapers and wraps. Dog diapers, like Pet Parents ® Washable Dog Diapers, have sewn-in pads that can keep in both fecal and urinary diaper messes. Tranquility ATN All-Through-the-Night Disposable Briefs- Adult Diapers. It’s important that you never limit your dog’s water intake when managing incontinence in dogs, as this can lead to dehydration and. This gives your dog a little more freedom. Disposable dog diapers offer protection from incontinence, excited peeing, and marking. It is designed to be easy to use with a built-in hook and eye belt, moisture-wicking liner and super-absorbent microfiber pad that creates a leak-proof barrier. Either harness (or really any harness that ends about mid-back) and any diaper that you find you get a good fit with, will work fine for this set-up. The extent of leakage can range from small amounts to large amounts of urine. Shop on Amazon. Washable, reusable dog diapers are available at pet supplies shops. 7 Quick Incontinence Tips. Supports normal muscle tone in the bladder and urinary sphincter. Diapers actually make very absorbent ‘mops’ too! I find plain cold water with a little Oxyclene mixed in (about 1 tbsp. There are small differences, such as that the female diaper designs typically do not come up as far on the belly. There is urine scalding on their belly or hind legs. If your dog is leaking urine, you may have a medical condition called urinary incontinence on your hands. Most common uses of our dog diapers include: Excitable urination (puppy stage) Male marking issues. How to help incontinence in older dogs. Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels affect the urinary sphincter mechanism. How to help incontinence in older dogs. Amazon. Here are some of the best options: Abena Abri-Flex premium pullup underwear. ” These options will provide full coverage, hence the name, and come with a tail-hole. People suffer from different levels of incontinence. Whether it be a diaper for a female dog on heat, a belly band for a leaky male dog, or a diaper for a dog that has trouble with bowel movements, read on to find out about some different options for these products. These diapers feature moisture-locking technology for mess-free cleanup and an adjustable band for a comfortable fit. You should have been instructed on how to empty your dog's bladder until your dog regains his bladder function. The inability of your canine to control the bladder and/or bowel (called incontinence) is one of the most annoying ones. If you’re not sure whether stress is the cause of your dog’s incontinence, even while they’re asleep, look for other symptoms while they’re awake: Whining and barking. These washable dog diapers for incontinence are also capable of locking in both pee and poop messes for male and female dogs. What are some of the benefits of using dog diapers for bowel incontinence? There are a number of benefits to using dog diapers for bowel. We were advised that the surgery would cost $2,500 to $ 3,000. Now the knot is very large and he is having a very difficult and painful bowel movements. Dog diapers for female dogs. Book an appointment online. Urinary or fecal incontinence is the most common reason dogs might need diapers, Sheen says. Prevail Per-Fit 360 Daily Adult Diapers with Tabs, Maximum Plus. He finds his way to wiggle out of towels and diapers. Dog diapers are a great solution in preventing messy accidents due to canine incontinence. Abena Pants Premium 3 Adult Incontinence Pullup Diaper. The uncertainties of incontinence and bowel movement are such that diapers need constant checking to see whether they are. Dog Incontinence Diapers. FREE 1-3 day delivery over $49. Dog incontinence diapers can be used to collect and manage urine, keeping the dog's body dry and comfortable. Or maybe they are an older dog, and they just can’t help it. Price: $15. Lots of pet owners cut a hole in a baby diaper to accommodate their dog’s tail. It also depends on the age sometimes too from what I have seen. It's also one of the cheaper high-quality products when bought in bulk.